Effective education: the Asian experience
This article discusses such an important topic for education and science as effective education. The article analyzes the main education systems of Asian countries, such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, and also identifies the main possibilities of using elements of these systems for the education of the Republic of Kazakhstan. These countries were chosen by us because they are particularly popular among students from Kazakhstan. Education systems in the Asian region are currently effective, dynamic, adaptable and responsive to all changes in the external environment, but, like everything else in our world, not without certain disadvantages, overcoming which will successfully help bring these educational systems to the highest level of world development.
In the modern world economy, intellectual potential is given privileged attention, because in a civilized society, an important and priority value in comparison with others (for example, material) is the intellectualization of human capital, the level and quality of which can provide objective information about the national welfare of the country and the level of its competitiveness. To achieve a high level of competitiveness, an extremely important factor in the world practice of management is the ability of the nation to maintain a system of modern and effective education and increase the potential of the workforce through quality training and training.
Achieving the goals of technological modernization, of course, should be consistent with the development of the socio-cultural sphere, which is dedicated to a separate section of the Address of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Third modernization of Kazakhstan: global competitiveness" dated January 26, 2017. In particular, one of the important points is to improve the efficiency of the education system in Kazakhstan. This issue is closely related to the development of human capital.
The implementation of new economic programs, including those covering issues of industrialization and digital technology development, requires trained professional personnel. And improving the education sector is a prerequisite. The spread of English, on the one hand, as the language of international communication, and on the other – the main language of modern information technologies, is of particular importance. Its promotion will contribute to a deeper integration of the Republic into global digital technologies.
Since Japan is considered the most technological country in the world, producing some of the most popular and high-tech personnel, let's start our analysis with this country. The success of Japan, the world's second economic power, is largely due to its high level of education. It is no accident that Japan is called a great educated power.
The Japanese government controls the structure of education, making adjustments to it in accordance with the needs of society. The education system is still based on the standards adopted in 1947. The basic law on education and the law on school education, which were amended as necessary.
The system includes pre-school, primary, secondary and higher education. Kindergartens are also managed by the Ministry of education, which is important for controlling the entire process of personality formation. More than half of them are private, the rest belong mainly to local governments and only a small part-to the state.
The period of study in primary school is 6 years, secondary school of the first and second stages is 3 years, higher education institutions are usually 4 years. Compulsory 9-year education is free of charge. According to the administrative division, each microdistrict has one public school of compulsory education, which is attended by all children living there. Private schools cover only a small number of students. Secondary schools of the second stage, as a rule, several in the same area, they can be studied by free choice.
There are compulsory textbooks for schools at all levels. Their selection from among those approved by the Ministry is entrusted to the relevant departments of education of local governments or Directors of public schools. Since the mid-60s, textbooks for compulsory education have been provided free of charge, including in private schools, evening and correspondence departments of secondary schools of the second stage and schools for children with disabilities. Every three years, the textbooks are amended in accordance with the changes made in the training courses.
The Japanese education system is characterized by very strict examinations at the transition to each subsequent stage of training. This gave rise to tutoring, which became essentially a second compulsory education. Applicants are forced to attend additional classes in specially created private training centers or to study with teachers at home. Although the system of entrance examinations is constantly being improved, this issue continues to worry Japanese society.
In General, the education system is quite egalitarian. Strict examinations, regardless of the social status of applicants, help to select the most worthy. At the same time, great importance is attached to the prestige of all types of educational institutions. An elite kindergarten often automatically opens the doors to the appropriate schools and universities, which in turn guarantees a place in the political and economic elite.
The Japanese education system is characterized by very strict examinations at the transition to each subsequent stage of training. This gave rise to tutoring, which became essentially a second compulsory education. Applicants are forced to attend additional classes in specially created private training centers or to study with teachers at home. Although the system of entrance examinations is constantly being improved, this issue continues to worry Japanese society.
In General, the education system is quite egalitarian. Strict examinations, regardless of the social status of applicants, help to select the most worthy. At the same time, great importance is attached to the prestige of all types of educational institutions. An elite kindergarten often automatically opens the doors to the appropriate schools and universities, which in turn guarantees a place in the political and economic elite.
Socio-economic changes at the turn of the 70-80th years brought new problems to education. Companies began to need not just well-trained personnel but thinking employees. The changes concern the entire complex of the education system - primary, secondary and higher, continuing education, administrative management and financing. At all levels of education, there is a great freedom of choice, flexibility and multi-choice of training with an emphasis on the development of creative abilities.
Decentralization and greater autonomy in the field related to the administrative management and funding. Continuing education continues to be promoted, with the center of gravity shifting to lifelong learning. This allows you to remain an active member of society, taking into account the 80-year life cycle of the Japanese.
The most important component is the restructuring of higher education institutions – which are the bottleneck of the entire education system. Its implementation solves two tasks – to create a qualified workforce that meets the current level of scientific and technological progress and to provide science with creative personnel. Higher education should help to foster a person's need for continuous learning. Therefore, more attention is paid to the disclosure of individual abilities of the individual, which will largely depend on the development of the country in the XXI century.
An important problem facing the education system is to improve the level of teaching foreign languages, especially in higher education. To a large extent, this meets the needs of training management personnel to work at Japanese enterprises abroad, primarily in Europe and the United States.
In the course of reforming the education system, much attention is paid to improving the work of administrative bodies in this area. First of all, we are talking about significant changes in the activities of the Ministry of education: research and analytical work is being strengthened, and the organizational structure is being improved.
So, in the course of the reform, special attention is paid to innovations in secondary schools as a preparatory stage for entering the University, and to postgraduate studies as the final stage of higher education. In General, the problem of education is constantly in the focus of the government's attention.
Thus, despite all the egalitarianism, the hierarchy of the system remains, and the quality of higher education is not always a criterion for holding higher positions in administrative bodies. At the same time, the Japanese education system helps to erase
differences between social groups. A representative of any stratum who has graduated from the University of Tokyo, for example, already belongs to the clan of its graduates, which provides him with a high status in society.
Summing up we can say with confidence that Japan's education system is one of the best not only in the Pacific region but also around the world. The Japanese synthesized all the latest achievements of pedagogical science with the features of building a Japanese society and were able to provide their country with not only an impressive economic growth rate, but also a fairly high standard of living. They were the first to realize that an effective education system in a country with a high level of automation is not just mandatory, it is vital. Therefore, we can say with confidence that the lion's share of the economic and social development of this country is the result of a well-built education system.
In conclusion, I would like to note that the Japanese experience is of interest to Kazakhstan in developing the concept of further reforming the education system.
South Korea is also very popular among domestic students, which is not far behind Japan in terms of technology development, but it is somewhat higher in terms of democratization.
Elementary, middle, and high schools are separated from each other, located in different buildings, and are not connected in any way.
The school period begins at the age of six. At this stage, the children are taught by one teacher. He teaches children the basics of mathematics and science in Korean. Drawing and music classes are also mandatory. The child is introduced to the culture and traditions of their native country.
The period of study in primary school is 6 years, secondary school of the first and second stages is 3 years, higher education institutions are usually 4 years. Compulsory 9-year education is free of charge. According to the administrative division, each microdistrict has one public school of compulsory education, which is attended by all children living there. Private schools cover only a small number of students. Secondary schools of the second stage, as a rule, are several in the same district, they can be studied by free choice [5, p. 63].
There are compulsory textbooks for schools at all levels. Their selection from among those approved by the Ministry is entrusted to the relevant departments of education of local governments or Directors of public schools. Since the mid-60s, textbooks for compulsory education have been provided free of charge, including in private schools, evening and correspondence departments of secondary schools of the second stage and schools for children with disabilities. Every three years, the textbooks are amended in accordance with the changes made in the training courses.
Finally, we will complete the analysis of the education systems of Asian countries by the education system in Singapore, which has rapidly burst into our educational space and has already managed to win a leading position in the educational market.
The assessment of national educational systems using common criteria is notoriously incomplete. Using, for example, TIMSS tests or counting the number of world-class universities in a given country that are ranked by the Times, we always risk missing something more important. The goal of education as a cultural practice is not only to train specialists for the labor market and not only to succeed students in international tests, but above all to form a person's personality and transmit through the generations a certain amount of cultural experience of the local community or nation. www.incatalog.kz
перевела: Ушурова Ясмина
In the modern world economy, intellectual potential is given privileged attention, because in a civilized society, an important and priority value in comparison with others (for example, material) is the intellectualization of human capital, the level and quality of which can provide objective information about the national welfare of the country and the level of its competitiveness. To achieve a high level of competitiveness, an extremely important factor in the world practice of management is the ability of the nation to maintain a system of modern and effective education and increase the potential of the workforce through quality training and training.
Achieving the goals of technological modernization, of course, should be consistent with the development of the socio-cultural sphere, which is dedicated to a separate section of the Address of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Third modernization of Kazakhstan: global competitiveness" dated January 26, 2017. In particular, one of the important points is to improve the efficiency of the education system in Kazakhstan. This issue is closely related to the development of human capital.
The implementation of new economic programs, including those covering issues of industrialization and digital technology development, requires trained professional personnel. And improving the education sector is a prerequisite. The spread of English, on the one hand, as the language of international communication, and on the other – the main language of modern information technologies, is of particular importance. Its promotion will contribute to a deeper integration of the Republic into global digital technologies.
Since Japan is considered the most technological country in the world, producing some of the most popular and high-tech personnel, let's start our analysis with this country. The success of Japan, the world's second economic power, is largely due to its high level of education. It is no accident that Japan is called a great educated power.
The Japanese government controls the structure of education, making adjustments to it in accordance with the needs of society. The education system is still based on the standards adopted in 1947. The basic law on education and the law on school education, which were amended as necessary.
The system includes pre-school, primary, secondary and higher education. Kindergartens are also managed by the Ministry of education, which is important for controlling the entire process of personality formation. More than half of them are private, the rest belong mainly to local governments and only a small part-to the state.
The period of study in primary school is 6 years, secondary school of the first and second stages is 3 years, higher education institutions are usually 4 years. Compulsory 9-year education is free of charge. According to the administrative division, each microdistrict has one public school of compulsory education, which is attended by all children living there. Private schools cover only a small number of students. Secondary schools of the second stage, as a rule, several in the same area, they can be studied by free choice.
There are compulsory textbooks for schools at all levels. Their selection from among those approved by the Ministry is entrusted to the relevant departments of education of local governments or Directors of public schools. Since the mid-60s, textbooks for compulsory education have been provided free of charge, including in private schools, evening and correspondence departments of secondary schools of the second stage and schools for children with disabilities. Every three years, the textbooks are amended in accordance with the changes made in the training courses.
The Japanese education system is characterized by very strict examinations at the transition to each subsequent stage of training. This gave rise to tutoring, which became essentially a second compulsory education. Applicants are forced to attend additional classes in specially created private training centers or to study with teachers at home. Although the system of entrance examinations is constantly being improved, this issue continues to worry Japanese society.
In General, the education system is quite egalitarian. Strict examinations, regardless of the social status of applicants, help to select the most worthy. At the same time, great importance is attached to the prestige of all types of educational institutions. An elite kindergarten often automatically opens the doors to the appropriate schools and universities, which in turn guarantees a place in the political and economic elite.
The Japanese education system is characterized by very strict examinations at the transition to each subsequent stage of training. This gave rise to tutoring, which became essentially a second compulsory education. Applicants are forced to attend additional classes in specially created private training centers or to study with teachers at home. Although the system of entrance examinations is constantly being improved, this issue continues to worry Japanese society.
In General, the education system is quite egalitarian. Strict examinations, regardless of the social status of applicants, help to select the most worthy. At the same time, great importance is attached to the prestige of all types of educational institutions. An elite kindergarten often automatically opens the doors to the appropriate schools and universities, which in turn guarantees a place in the political and economic elite.
Socio-economic changes at the turn of the 70-80th years brought new problems to education. Companies began to need not just well-trained personnel but thinking employees. The changes concern the entire complex of the education system - primary, secondary and higher, continuing education, administrative management and financing. At all levels of education, there is a great freedom of choice, flexibility and multi-choice of training with an emphasis on the development of creative abilities.
Decentralization and greater autonomy in the field related to the administrative management and funding. Continuing education continues to be promoted, with the center of gravity shifting to lifelong learning. This allows you to remain an active member of society, taking into account the 80-year life cycle of the Japanese.
The most important component is the restructuring of higher education institutions – which are the bottleneck of the entire education system. Its implementation solves two tasks – to create a qualified workforce that meets the current level of scientific and technological progress and to provide science with creative personnel. Higher education should help to foster a person's need for continuous learning. Therefore, more attention is paid to the disclosure of individual abilities of the individual, which will largely depend on the development of the country in the XXI century.
An important problem facing the education system is to improve the level of teaching foreign languages, especially in higher education. To a large extent, this meets the needs of training management personnel to work at Japanese enterprises abroad, primarily in Europe and the United States.
In the course of reforming the education system, much attention is paid to improving the work of administrative bodies in this area. First of all, we are talking about significant changes in the activities of the Ministry of education: research and analytical work is being strengthened, and the organizational structure is being improved.
So, in the course of the reform, special attention is paid to innovations in secondary schools as a preparatory stage for entering the University, and to postgraduate studies as the final stage of higher education. In General, the problem of education is constantly in the focus of the government's attention.
Thus, despite all the egalitarianism, the hierarchy of the system remains, and the quality of higher education is not always a criterion for holding higher positions in administrative bodies. At the same time, the Japanese education system helps to erase
differences between social groups. A representative of any stratum who has graduated from the University of Tokyo, for example, already belongs to the clan of its graduates, which provides him with a high status in society.
Summing up we can say with confidence that Japan's education system is one of the best not only in the Pacific region but also around the world. The Japanese synthesized all the latest achievements of pedagogical science with the features of building a Japanese society and were able to provide their country with not only an impressive economic growth rate, but also a fairly high standard of living. They were the first to realize that an effective education system in a country with a high level of automation is not just mandatory, it is vital. Therefore, we can say with confidence that the lion's share of the economic and social development of this country is the result of a well-built education system.
In conclusion, I would like to note that the Japanese experience is of interest to Kazakhstan in developing the concept of further reforming the education system.
South Korea is also very popular among domestic students, which is not far behind Japan in terms of technology development, but it is somewhat higher in terms of democratization.
Elementary, middle, and high schools are separated from each other, located in different buildings, and are not connected in any way.
The school period begins at the age of six. At this stage, the children are taught by one teacher. He teaches children the basics of mathematics and science in Korean. Drawing and music classes are also mandatory. The child is introduced to the culture and traditions of their native country.
The period of study in primary school is 6 years, secondary school of the first and second stages is 3 years, higher education institutions are usually 4 years. Compulsory 9-year education is free of charge. According to the administrative division, each microdistrict has one public school of compulsory education, which is attended by all children living there. Private schools cover only a small number of students. Secondary schools of the second stage, as a rule, are several in the same district, they can be studied by free choice [5, p. 63].
There are compulsory textbooks for schools at all levels. Their selection from among those approved by the Ministry is entrusted to the relevant departments of education of local governments or Directors of public schools. Since the mid-60s, textbooks for compulsory education have been provided free of charge, including in private schools, evening and correspondence departments of secondary schools of the second stage and schools for children with disabilities. Every three years, the textbooks are amended in accordance with the changes made in the training courses.
Finally, we will complete the analysis of the education systems of Asian countries by the education system in Singapore, which has rapidly burst into our educational space and has already managed to win a leading position in the educational market.
The assessment of national educational systems using common criteria is notoriously incomplete. Using, for example, TIMSS tests or counting the number of world-class universities in a given country that are ranked by the Times, we always risk missing something more important. The goal of education as a cultural practice is not only to train specialists for the labor market and not only to succeed students in international tests, but above all to form a person's personality and transmit through the generations a certain amount of cultural experience of the local community or nation. www.incatalog.kz
перевела: Ушурова Ясмина